Airwars was able to verify a minimum of 5,139 civilians killed by Israeli air raids in that timeframe, including at least 1,900 children.

Most of them were not the collateral damage of combat against Hamas. Out of 606 incidents of civilian casualties studied by Airwars, only 26 overlapped with the death of a militant. And in those 26 incidents, the killing was still incredibly lopsided, with 32 militants killed in total, at a cost of 522 civilian lives.

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Israeli leaders promised a counterattack “with neither limitations nor respite” on October 8. The Israeli military used artificial intelligence to generate long target lists, both designed to “kill as many Hamas operatives as possible” and to “create a shock” that will “lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas,” intelligence officers told +972 Magazine. Israel also employed a program known as “Where’s Daddy” designed to kill Hamas members at home with their families, +972 later reported.

The results were consistent with that kind of strategy. “Families were killed together in unprecedented numbers, and in their homes,” the Airwars report states. Over 90 percent of women and children killed by Israeli air raids died in their homes, and in 95 percent of cases where a woman was killed, at least one child was also killed, according to the Airwars report.